Cassandra has three main logs, the system.log, debug.log and
gc.log which hold general logging messages, debugging logging messages, and
java garbage collection logs respectively.
These logs by default live in ${CASSANDRA_HOME}/logs, but most Linux
distributions relocate logs to /var/log/cassandra. Operators can tune
this location as well as what levels are logged using the provided
logback.xml file.
system.log
This log is the default Cassandra log and is a good place to start any investigation. Some examples of activities logged to this log:
- Uncaught exceptions. These can be very useful for debugging errors.
GCInspectormessages indicating long garbage collector pauses. When long pauses happen Cassandra will print how long and also what was the state of the system (thread state) at the time of that pause. This can help narrow down a capacity issue (either not enough heap or not enough spare CPU).- Information about nodes joining and leaving the cluster as well as token metadata (data ownersip) changes. This is useful for debugging network partitions, data movements, and more.
- Keyspace/Table creation, modification, deletion.
StartupChecksthat ensure optimal configuration of the operating system to run Cassandra- Information about some background operational tasks (e.g. Index Redistribution).
As with any application, looking for ERROR or WARN lines can be a
great first step:
$ # Search for warnings or errors in the latest system.log
$ grep 'WARN\|ERROR' system.log | tail
...
$ # Search for warnings or errors in all rotated system.log
$ zgrep 'WARN\|ERROR' system.log.* | less
...
debug.log
This log contains additional debugging information that may be useful when
troubleshooting but may be much noiser than the normal system.log. Some
examples of activities logged to this log:
- Information about compactions, including when they start, which sstables they contain, and when they finish.
- Information about memtable flushes to disk, including when they happened, how large the flushes were, and which commitlog segments the flush impacted.
This log can be very noisy, so it is highly recommended to use grep and
other log analysis tools to dive deep. For example:
$ # Search for messages involving a CompactionTask with 5 lines of context
$ grep CompactionTask debug.log -C 5
...
$ # Look at the distribution of flush tasks per keyspace
$ grep "Enqueuing flush" debug.log | cut -f 10 -d ' ' | sort | uniq -c
6 compaction_history:
1 test_keyspace:
2 local:
17 size_estimates:
17 sstable_activity:
gc.log
The gc log is a standard Java GC log. With the default jvm.options
settings you get a lot of valuable information in this log such as
application pause times, and why pauses happened. This may help narrow
down throughput or latency issues to a mistuned JVM. For example you can
view the last few pauses:
$ grep stopped gc.log.0.current | tail
2018-08-29T00:19:39.522+0000: 3022663.591: Total time for which application threads were stopped: 0.0332813 seconds, Stopping threads took: 0.0008189 seconds
2018-08-29T00:19:44.369+0000: 3022668.438: Total time for which application threads were stopped: 0.0312507 seconds, Stopping threads took: 0.0007025 seconds
2018-08-29T00:19:49.796+0000: 3022673.865: Total time for which application threads were stopped: 0.0307071 seconds, Stopping threads took: 0.0006662 seconds
2018-08-29T00:19:55.452+0000: 3022679.521: Total time for which application threads were stopped: 0.0309578 seconds, Stopping threads took: 0.0006832 seconds
2018-08-29T00:20:00.127+0000: 3022684.197: Total time for which application threads were stopped: 0.0310082 seconds, Stopping threads took: 0.0007090 seconds
2018-08-29T00:20:06.583+0000: 3022690.653: Total time for which application threads were stopped: 0.0317346 seconds, Stopping threads took: 0.0007106 seconds
2018-08-29T00:20:10.079+0000: 3022694.148: Total time for which application threads were stopped: 0.0299036 seconds, Stopping threads took: 0.0006889 seconds
2018-08-29T00:20:15.739+0000: 3022699.809: Total time for which application threads were stopped: 0.0078283 seconds, Stopping threads took: 0.0006012 seconds
2018-08-29T00:20:15.770+0000: 3022699.839: Total time for which application threads were stopped: 0.0301285 seconds, Stopping threads took: 0.0003789 seconds
2018-08-29T00:20:15.798+0000: 3022699.867: Total time for which application threads were stopped: 0.0279407 seconds, Stopping threads took: 0.0003627 seconds
This shows a lot of valuable information including how long the application was paused (meaning zero user queries were being serviced during the e.g. 33ms JVM pause) as well as how long it took to enter the safepoint. You can use this raw data to e.g. get the longest pauses:
$ grep stopped gc.log.0.current | cut -f 11 -d ' ' | sort -n | tail | xargs -IX grep X gc.log.0.current | sort -k 1
2018-08-28T17:13:40.520-0700: 1.193: Total time for which application threads were stopped: 0.0157914 seconds, Stopping threads took: 0.0000355 seconds
2018-08-28T17:13:41.206-0700: 1.879: Total time for which application threads were stopped: 0.0249811 seconds, Stopping threads took: 0.0000318 seconds
2018-08-28T17:13:41.638-0700: 2.311: Total time for which application threads were stopped: 0.0561130 seconds, Stopping threads took: 0.0000328 seconds
2018-08-28T17:13:41.677-0700: 2.350: Total time for which application threads were stopped: 0.0362129 seconds, Stopping threads took: 0.0000597 seconds
2018-08-28T17:13:41.781-0700: 2.454: Total time for which application threads were stopped: 0.0442846 seconds, Stopping threads took: 0.0000238 seconds
2018-08-28T17:13:41.976-0700: 2.649: Total time for which application threads were stopped: 0.0377115 seconds, Stopping threads took: 0.0000250 seconds
2018-08-28T17:13:42.172-0700: 2.845: Total time for which application threads were stopped: 0.0475415 seconds, Stopping threads took: 0.0001018 seconds
2018-08-28T17:13:42.825-0700: 3.498: Total time for which application threads were stopped: 0.0379155 seconds, Stopping threads took: 0.0000571 seconds
2018-08-28T17:13:43.574-0700: 4.247: Total time for which application threads were stopped: 0.0323812 seconds, Stopping threads took: 0.0000574 seconds
2018-08-28T17:13:44.602-0700: 5.275: Total time for which application threads were stopped: 0.0238975 seconds, Stopping threads took: 0.0000788 seconds
In this case any client waiting on a query would have experienced a 56ms latency at 17:13:41.
Note that GC pauses are not _only_ garbage collection, although generally speaking high pauses with fast safepoints indicate a lack of JVM heap or mistuned JVM GC algorithm. High pauses with slow safepoints typically indicate that the JVM is having trouble entering a safepoint which usually indicates slow disk drives (Cassandra makes heavy use of memory mapped reads which the JVM doesn’t know could have disk latency, so the JVM safepoint logic doesn’t handle a blocking memory mapped read particularly well).
Using these logs you can even get a pause distribution with something like histogram.py:
$ grep stopped gc.log.0.current | cut -f 11 -d ' ' | sort -n | histogram.py
# NumSamples = 410293; Min = 0.00; Max = 11.49
# Mean = 0.035346; Variance = 0.002216; SD = 0.047078; Median 0.036498
# each ∎ represents a count of 5470
0.0001 - 1.1496 [410255]: ∎∎∎∎∎∎∎∎∎∎∎∎∎∎∎∎∎∎∎∎∎∎∎∎∎∎∎∎∎∎∎∎∎∎∎∎∎∎∎∎∎∎∎∎∎∎∎∎∎∎∎∎∎∎∎∎∎∎∎∎∎∎∎∎∎∎∎∎∎∎∎∎∎∎∎
1.1496 - 2.2991 [ 15]:
2.2991 - 3.4486 [ 5]:
3.4486 - 4.5981 [ 1]:
4.5981 - 5.7475 [ 5]:
5.7475 - 6.8970 [ 9]:
6.8970 - 8.0465 [ 1]:
8.0465 - 9.1960 [ 0]:
9.1960 - 10.3455 [ 0]:
10.3455 - 11.4949 [ 2]:
We can see in this case while we have very good average performance something is causing multi second JVM pauses … In this case it was mostly safepoint pauses caused by slow disks:
$ grep stopped gc.log.0.current | cut -f 11 -d ' ' | sort -n | tail | xargs -IX grep X gc.log.0.current| sort -k 1
2018-07-27T04:52:27.413+0000: 187831.482: Total time for which application threads were stopped: 6.5037022 seconds, Stopping threads took: 0.0005212 seconds
2018-07-30T23:38:18.354+0000: 514582.423: Total time for which application threads were stopped: 6.3262938 seconds, Stopping threads took: 0.0004882 seconds
2018-08-01T02:37:48.380+0000: 611752.450: Total time for which application threads were stopped: 10.3879659 seconds, Stopping threads took: 0.0004475 seconds
2018-08-06T22:04:14.990+0000: 1113739.059: Total time for which application threads were stopped: 6.0917409 seconds, Stopping threads took: 0.0005553 seconds
2018-08-14T00:04:06.091+0000: 1725730.160: Total time for which application threads were stopped: 6.0141054 seconds, Stopping threads took: 0.0004976 seconds
2018-08-17T06:23:06.755+0000: 2007670.824: Total time for which application threads were stopped: 6.0133694 seconds, Stopping threads took: 0.0006011 seconds
2018-08-23T06:35:46.068+0000: 2526830.137: Total time for which application threads were stopped: 6.4767751 seconds, Stopping threads took: 6.4426849 seconds
2018-08-23T06:36:29.018+0000: 2526873.087: Total time for which application threads were stopped: 11.4949489 seconds, Stopping threads took: 11.4638297 seconds
2018-08-23T06:37:12.671+0000: 2526916.741: Total time for which application threads were stopped: 6.3867003 seconds, Stopping threads took: 6.3507166 seconds
2018-08-23T06:37:47.156+0000: 2526951.225: Total time for which application threads were stopped: 7.9528200 seconds, Stopping threads took: 7.9197756 seconds
Sometimes reading and understanding java GC logs is hard, but you can take the raw GC files and visualize them using tools such as GCViewer which take the Cassandra GC log as input and show you detailed visual information on your garbage collection performance. This includes pause analysis as well as throughput information. For a stable Cassandra JVM you probably want to aim for pauses less than 200ms and GC throughput greater than 99% (ymmv).
Java GC pauses are one of the leading causes of tail latency in Cassandra (along with drive latency) so sometimes this information can be crucial while debugging tail latency issues.
