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Understanding Data Consistency in Apache Cassandra
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- 1. Cassandra EssentialsTutorial Series Understanding Data Consistency in Apache Cassandra
- 2. Agenda Overview of reading/writing data in Cassandra Details on how Cassandra writes data Review of the CAP theorem Tunable data consistency Choosing a data consistency strategy for writes Choosing a data consistency strategy for reads CQL examples of data consistency Where to get Cassandra www.datastax.com
- 3. Reading and Writing in CassandraCassandra is a peer-to-peer, read/write anywherearchitecture, so any user can connect to any node inany data center and read/write the data they need,with all writes being partitioned and replicated for themautomatically throughout the cluster. www.datastax.com
- 4. Writes in Cassandra Data is first written to a commit log for durability Then written to a memtable in memory Once the memtable becomes full, it is flushed to an SSTable (sorted strings table) Writes are atomic at the row level; all columns are written or updated, or none are. RDBMS-styled transactions are not supported INSERT INTO… Commit log memtable SSTable Cassandra is known for being the fastest database in the industry where write operations are concerned. www.datastax.com
- 5. Writes in Cassandra vs. Other Databases Cassandra is up to: 4x better in writes! 2x better in reads! 12x better in reads/updates! Sept, 2011: http://blog.cubrid.org/dev-platform/nosql-benchmarking/ www.datastax.com
- 6. Review of the CAP Theorem www.datastax.com
- 7. Tunable Data Consistency Choose between strong and eventual consistency (All to any node responding) depending on the need Can be done on a per-operation basis, and for both reads and writes Handles Multi-data center operations 1 6 2 Writes Reads Any One 5 3 One Quorum Quorum Local_Quorum 4 Local_Quorum Each_Quorum Each_Quorum All All www.datastax.com
- 8. Selecting a Strategy for Writes Any – a write must succeed on any available node One – a write must succeed on any node responsible for that row (either primary or replica) Quorum – a write must succeed on a quorum of replica nodes (determined by (replication_factor /2 )+ 1 Local_Quorum - a write must succeed on a quorum of replica nodes in the same data center as the coordinator node Each_Quorum - a write must succeed on a quorum of replica nodes in all data centers All – a write must succeed on all replica nodes for a row key www.datastax.com
- 9. Hinted Handoffs Cassandra attempts to write a row to all replicas for that row If all replica nodes are not available, a hint is stored on one node to update any downed nodes with the row once they are available again If no replica nodes are available for a row, the use of the ANY consistency level will instruct the coordinator node to store a hint and the row data, which it passes to the replica nodes when they are available Replica 1 Replica3 Replica2 Hint for Node5 www.datastax.com
- 10. Selecting a Strategy for Reads One – reads from the closest node holding the data Quorum – returns a result from a quorum of servers with the most recent timestamp for the data Local_Quorum - returns a result from a quorum of servers with the most recent timestamp for the data in the same data center as the coordinator node Each_Quorum - returns a result from a quorum of servers with the most recent timestamp in all data centers All – returns a result from all replica nodes for a row key www.datastax.com
- 11. Read Repair Cassandra ensures that frequently-read data remains consistent When a read is done, the coordinator node compares the data from all the remaining replicas that own the row in the background, and if they are inconsistent, issues writes to the out-of-date replicas to update the row to reflect the most recently written values. Read repair can be configured per column family and is enabled by default. Replica 1 st repair reque Replica3 Replica2 www.datastax.com
- 12. CQL ExamplesSELECT total_purchases FROM SALESUSING CONSISTENCY QUORUMWHERE customer_id = 5UPDATE SALESUSING CONSISTENCY ONESET total_purchases = 500000WHERE customer_id = 4 www.datastax.com
- 13. Where to get Cassandra? Go to www.datastax.com DataStax makes free smart start installers available for Cassandra that include: The most up-to-date Cassandra version that is production quality A version of DataStax OpsCenter, which is a visual, browser-based management tool for managing and monitoring Cassandra Drivers and connectors for popular development languages Same database and application Automatic configuration assistance for ensuring optimal performance and setup for either stand- alone or cluster implementations Getting Started Guide www.datastax.com
- 14. Where Can I Learn More? www.datastax.com Free Online Documentation Technical White Papers Technical Articles Tutorials User Forums User/Customer Case Studies FAQ’s Videos Blogs Software downloads www.datastax.com
- 15. Cassandra EssentialsTutorial Series Understanding Data Partitioning and Replication in Apache Cassandra Thanks!
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